tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83544248097428635542024-03-14T02:54:49.317-07:00ASAS BINAAN AWAM RBT1Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-58213295814958831712008-03-18T08:55:00.000-07:002008-03-18T10:01:38.451-07:00BAHAN KEJURUTERAAN - PLASTIK<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik</a><br /><br />PLASTIK<br /><br />Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.<br />Lompat ke: <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik#column-one">navigasi</a>, <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik#searchInput">gelintar</a><br /><br />Istilah plastik merangkumi produk <a title="Polimer" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimer">polimer</a> sintetik atau semi-sintetik. Ia terbentuk daripada <a class="new" title="Reaksi kondensasi (Laman tidak wujud)" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_kondensasi&action=edit&redlink=1">kondensasi</a> <a title="Kimia organik" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik">organik</a> atau penambahan polimer dan boleh juga terdiri daripada bahan lain untuk meningkatkan ketahanan atau ekonomi. Ada beberapa polimer alami yang termasuk plastik. Plastik dapat dibentuk menjadi filem atau <a class="new" title="Gentian sintetik (Laman tidak wujud)" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gentian_sintetik&action=edit&redlink=1">gentian sintetik</a>. Nama ini berasal daripada fakta bahawa banyak daripada mereka dapat dilentur, memiliki sifat keplastikan. Plastik direka dengan kepelbagaian yang sangat banyak dalam ciri-ciri yang dapat menahan panas, keras, kebergantungan dan lain-lain. Digabungkan dengan kemampuan adaptasinya, komposisi yang umum dan beratnya yang ringan memastikan plastik digunakan hampir di seluruh bidang industri.<br /><br />Plastik dapat juga menuju ke setiap barang yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang deformasi atau gagal kerana <a class="new" title="Ketegangan (Laman tidak wujud)" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketegangan&action=edit&redlink=1">ketegangan</a>(lihat <a class="new" title="Keplastikan (fizik) (Laman tidak wujud)" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keplastikan_%28fizik%29&action=edit&redlink=1">keplastikan (fizik)</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mulur" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulur">mulur</a>).<br />Plastik dapat dikategorikan dengan banyak cara tapi paling umum dengan melihat tulang-belakang polimernya (vinilklorida}, polietilena, akrilik, silikon, uretana, dll.). Pengkelasan lainnya juga umum.<br /><br />Plastik adalah <a title="Polimer" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimer">polimer</a>; rantai-panjang atom mengikat satu sama lain. Rantai ini membentuk banyak unit molekul berulang, atau "monomer". Plastik yang umum terdiri dari polimer karbon saja atau dengan oksigen, nitrogen, klorin atau belerang di tulang belakang. (beberapa minat komersial juga berdasar <a title="Silikon" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon">silikon</a>). Tulang-belakang adalah bahagian daripada rantai di jalur utama yang menghubungkan unit monomer menjadi satu. Untuk mengetahui ciri-ciri plastik kumpulan molekul berlainan bergantung daripada tulang belakang (biasanya "digantung" sebagai baghaian dari monomer sebelum menyambungkan monomer bersama untuk membentuk rantai polimer). Penghasilan oleh kumpulan rantaian ini telah membuat plastik menjadi bahagian tak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan <a title="Abad ke-21" href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-21">abad ke-21</a> dengan memperbaiki ciri daripada polimer tersebut.<br /><br />Pengembangan plastik berasal daripada penggunaan bahan semula jadi (seperti: karat, "shellac") hingga ke bahan yang diubahsuai secara kimia (seperti: karat semula jadi, "nitrocellulose") dan akhirnya ke molekul buatan-manusia (seperti: epoksi, polivinil klorida - PVC, polietilena).<br />Diambil daripada "<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik</a>"<br /><br /><br /><span style="color:#006600;">BAHAN PLASTIK<br /><br />Material Plastik<br /><br />Material plastik dapat dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu<br /><br /></span><span style="color:#006600;"></span><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;">Thermoplastik </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;">Thermoset</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#009900;">Material plastik yang paling penting:</span></p><p><span style="color:#009900;">- Polypropylene(PP) - karpet<br />- Polyvinyl chloride(PVC) - paip<br />- High Density Polyethilene(HDPE) - botol<br />- Linear Low Density Polyethilene(LLDPE) - filem<br />- Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE) - filem<br />- Polyester, thermoplastic(PETE) - botol minuman ringan<br />- Polystyrene(PS) - kaset<br />- Phenolic - lem plywood<br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#009900;">Bahan-bahan untuk membuat plastik:<br /><br />1. Additive<br />- Antioksidan: mencegah oksidasi yang memutus rantai polimer<br />- Agen antistatik: menarik kelembaban permukaan supaya konduktif<br />- Pewarna: memberi warna atau efek seperti iluminasi<br />- Coupling agents: memudahkan untuk menempel ke bahan lain<br />- Curing agents: mempermudah penggabungan monomer kepolimer<br />- Flame retardants: mempersulit plastik terbakar<br />- Foaming/blowing agents: memberi gelembung udara atau foam<br />- Penstabil panas: mengurangi pemecahan polimer karena panas<br />- Penstabilan benturan: menguatkan plastik dari benturan<br />- Pelumas: mengurangi gesekan plastik keperalatan dan tidak lengket<br />- Nucleating agents: membantu pengkristalan polimer<br />- Plasticizer: menambah fleksibilitas, menurunkan titik leleh, dan encer<br />- Pengawetan: menjaga dari mikroorganisme- Pembantu proses: menaikkan produksi,<br />memperbaiki permukaan (anti lengket)<br />- Penstabil UV: mengurangi kerusakan akibat sinar Ultra Violet2. </span></p><p><span style="color:#009900;">2. Reinforcement</span></p><p><span style="color:#009900;">Bahan yang ditambahkan ke resin dan polimer untuk menambah kekuatan, daya tahan terhadap lenturan, dan kekerasan plastik.Reinforcement dibagi menjadi 2:<br />- Lamina: memberi lapisan seperti fiber glas, kain, atau lembaran material sehingga menjadi seperti roti sanwidch.<br />- Fibrous: mencampur dengan beberapa bahan seperti serat kaca, carbonaceous, serat polymer, serat inorganic, serat logam, dan serat hybrids.</span></p><p><span style="color:#009900;">3. Filler</span></p><p><span style="color:#009900;">Digunakan untuk mengisi sela-sela polimer dan mengurangi harga, tetapi kadang-kadang harga filler lebih mahal dari polimer.</span><br /></p><p><span style="color:#660000;">Keluarga plastik juga merupakan bahan-bahan yang dibuat dari bahan petrokimia. Keluarga plastik terbahagi kepada 2 jenis.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#990000;"><span style="color:#660000;">Termoplastik [Thermo Plastic]</span><br /></span>SIFAT<br />- Boleh diacu (dibentuk) berulang kali melalui proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.<br />- Tidak tahan haba<br />CONTOH (KEGUNAAN)<br />Politena untuk membuat beg plastik.<br />Polisterina untuk membuat bekas makanan sejuk (Ta Pau).<br />Polivinil Klorida/PVC untuk membuat paip air.<br /><br /><span style="color:#990000;"><span style="color:#660000;">Plastik Termoset [Thermoset Plastic]</span><br /></span>SIFAT<br />- Boleh diacu hanya sekali sahaja.<br />- Tahan haba.<br />CONTOH (KEGUNAAN)<br />Bakelit untuk membuat soket elektrik.<br />Melamina untuk membuat pinggan mangkuk.<br />Gam Epoksi untuk membuat gam industri. </p><p></p><p><span style="color:#000099;">4. MASALAH PENCEMARAN</span></p><p><span style="color:#000099;">Kedua-dua polimer sintetik diatas tahan lama dan tidak mudah mereput [Non Biodegradable]. Oleh itu ia sangat mencemarkan alam sekitar jika tidak diurus dengan baik. Pencemaran yang berasal dari polimer sintetik menyebabkan : </span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#000099;">Longkang tersumbat yang seterusnya mengakibatkan banjir kilat serta pembiakan nyamuk. </span></li><li><span style="color:#000099;">Kehidupan laut mati. Penyu yang menyangka bahan plastik adalah makanan boleh menyebabkan ia tercekik dan mati. Hidupan laut yang berharga itu akan pupus. </span></li><li><span style="color:#000099;">Pencemaran udara. Apabila bahan plastik dibakar ia akan menghasilkan gas toksik (beracun). Gas toksik ini menyebabkan penyakit seperti kanser. Gas ini juga menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#000099;">Pembuangan serta penggunaan polimer sintetik perlu diurus dengan baik. Antara langkah-langkah yang boleh dilakukan adalah seperti :<br /><br />Kitar Semula.<br /></span><span style="color:#000099;">Semua polimer sintetik yang telah digunakan boleh dibawa kekilang untuk diproses semula kepada bahan yang berguna. Beg plastik boleh diguna semula.<br />Had<br />Menghadkan penggunaan plastik serta memilih untuk menggunakan bahan yang mudah "terbiodegradasi" (mereput jika dibuang) seperti kertas. Kerusi kayu boleh menggantikan kerusi plastik.<br />Pelupusan<br />Membakar bahan plastik dalam insinerator [Incinerator] supaya gas toksik yang dikeluarkan dapat dikurangkan.<br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#000099;">KEPENTINGAN POLIMER DALAM KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA</span></p><p><span style="color:#000099;">Walaupun polimer sintetik telah dikenalpasti sebagai bahan pencemar ia memainkan peranan yang penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Ia merupakan satu pilihan dalam pembuatan bahan yang tahan lama dan dengan ini sangat murah. Ciri-ciri istimewanya seperti ringan telah menyebabkan terciptanya alat-alat seperti baldi, pasu bunga dan kerusi yang mesra pengguna. Oleh kerana negara kita menghasilkan bahan petroleum maka industri petrokimia telah menyumbangkan kepada pendapatan negara. Industri hiliran yang berasasaskan polimer sintetik penting dan telah dikenalpasti sebagai penyumbang kepada ekspot negara.</span><br />(sumbangan <a href="http://www.oasis4.netfirms.com/b57.html">http://www.oasis4.netfirms.com/b57.html</a>)</p><p>Bacaan lain</p><p><a href="http://www.engineering-center.net/?q=node/5241">TONGKOL JAGUNG PENGGANTI PLASTIK??</a><br /><a href="http://www.spray-polyurethane.com/cara.html">POLYURETHANE</a></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-45215081769127103732008-03-18T08:00:00.000-07:002008-04-04T08:46:58.997-07:00TUGASAN RBT1<a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl2_lnkTag" href="http://www.electricalbrass.f2s.com/">Brass & Brass Products</a> (Abdullah)<br />Eye<a href="http://www.boltnutsupply.com/bolts.html">Bolt</a> & <a href="http://www.boltnutsupply.com/nuts.html">Nuts</a> (Aida)<br /><a href="http://www.trz.cz/vyrd/591D5D69E4DE0FC9C12571C3003A28B0">Free Cutting <u><span style="color:#0000ff;">Steel</span></u></a> (andrew)<br /><a href="http://www.electricalbrass.f2s.com/">Hammers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl6_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hand-Hammers">Hand Hammers</a> (Bilyemban)<br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl7_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hand-Tools">Hand Tools</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl8_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hardware">Hardware</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl9_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Iron">Iron</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl10_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Iron-Iron-Products">Iron & Iron Products</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl11_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Metal-Metal-Products">Metal & Metal Products</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl12_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Parts-Supplies">Parts & Supplies</a> (Fahmi)<br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl13_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Pliers">Pliers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl14_lnkTag" href="http://www.mci-screwdrivers.com/">Pneumatic Portable Screwdrivers</a>, <a href="http://www.dino-power.com/productsd.php?pid=291">screwdriver </a>(Mohamad Saiful)<br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl15_lnkTag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver">Screwdrivers</a> , <a href="http://www.stanleytools.com/default.asp?TYPE=CATEGORY&CATEGORY=SCREWDRIVERS">screwdrivers</a> (Md Zuhairi)<br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl16_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Spanners">Spanners</a> (Nazirah)<br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl17_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Steel">Steel</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl18_lnkTag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel">Steel</a> (Nor Asilah)<br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl19_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Steel-Products-Services">Steel Products & Services</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl20_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Tools">Tools</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl21_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Tools">Tools</a> (nur affini)<br /><br />Daripada 20 elemen di atas, anda perlu mengambil satu tajuk mengikut urutan nama dalam blog ini dan dapatkan link berkaitan tajuk tersebut. Contohnya:<br /><br /><span style="color:#33cc00;">Abdulah mengambil tajuk brass &brass product</span><br /><span style="color:#999900;">..</span><br /><span style="color:#999900;">..</span><br /><span style="color:#33cc00;">Nur affini mengambil tajuk tools</span><br /><span style="color:#33cc00;"></span><br /><span style="color:#33cc00;"><span style="color:#000000;">Untuk link yang sama, berbincang dan pastikan bahan tidak sama dan bertindih.</span> </span><br />Sendkan link atau nota kepada pensyarah sebelum 25/3/2008<br />Dalam ruangan subjek tolong tuliskan nama penuh, opsyen dan tajuk anda<br /><br />Sekian terima kasih.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-21619635008343468892008-02-26T20:42:00.000-08:002008-02-26T20:43:50.976-08:00BAHAN KEJURUTERAAN LOGAM - LOGAMLogam<br /><br />Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.<br />Lompat ke: navigasi, gelintar<br />Dalam bidang kimia, logam adalah sejenis unsur yang bersedia untuk membentuk ion (kation) dan mempunyai ikatan logam. Logam-logam biasanya diterangkan sebagai sebuah kekisi ion-ion positif (kation) yang dikelilingi awan-awan elektron tak setempat. Logam adalah satu daripada tiga kumpulan unsur yang dikenalpasti melalui sifat-sifat pengionan dan ikatan, yang lainnya adalah metaloid dan bukan logam. Di dalam jadual berkala, satu garis pepenjuru yang dilukir daripada boron (B) kepada polonium (Po) membezakan logam dan bukan logam. Unsur-unsur pada garis ini adalah metaloid, kadang kala dipanggil ala logam; unsur-unsur ke sebelah bawah kiri merupakan logam-logam, manakala sebelah atas kanan adalah bukan logam.<br /><br />bacaan seterusnya <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam">KLIK SINI</a><br /><br /><br />BARANG LOGAM<br /><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl0_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Bolts-Nuts">Bolts & Nuts</a><br /><br />Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in <a title="Construction" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction">construction</a> and machine design. They consist of cap <a title="Screw" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw#bolt">screws</a> or studs that capture and join other parts, and are secured with the mating of <a title="Screw thread" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread">screw threads</a>.<br />There are two main types of bolted joint designs. In one method the bolt is tightened to a calculated <a title="Torque" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque">torque</a>, producing a clamp load. The joint will be designed such that the clamp load is never overcome by the <a title="Force" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force">forces</a> acting on the joint (and therefore the joined parts see no relative motion).<br />The other type of bolted joint does not have a designed clamp load but relies on the <a title="Shear strength" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strength">shear strength</a> of the bolt shaft. This may include <a title="Clevis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevis">clevis</a> linkages, joints that can move, and joints that rely on locking mechanism (like lock washers, thread <a title="Adhesive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive">adhesives</a>, and lock <a title="Nut (hardware)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28hardware%29">nuts</a>).<br /><br />bacaan seterusnya <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolted_joint">KLIK SINI</a><br /><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl1_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Brass">Brass</a><br /><br />Properties<br />The malleability and acoustic properties of brass have made it the metal of choice for <a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument">brass</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instruments">musical instruments</a> such as the <a title="Trombone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone">trombone</a>, <a title="Tuba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba">tuba</a>, <a title="Trumpet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet">trumpet</a>, <a title="Euphonium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphonium">euphonium</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="French horn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn">French horn</a>. Even though the <a title="Saxophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone">saxophone</a> is classified as a <a title="Woodwind instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument">woodwind instrument</a> and the <a title="Harmonica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica">harmonica</a> is a <a title="Free reed aerophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone">free reed aerophone</a>, both are also often made from brass. In <a title="Reed pipe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_pipe">organ pipes</a> designed as "reed" pipes, brass strips are used as the "reeds".<br />Brass has higher malleability than copper or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940°C, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses.<br /><br />bacaan seterusnya <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass">KLIK SINI</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl2_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Brass-Brass-Products">Brass & Brass Products</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl3_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Eye-Bolts-Nuts">Eye Bolts & Nuts</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl4_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Free-Cutting-Steel">Free Cutting Steel</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl5_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hammers">Hammers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl6_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hand-Hammers">Hand Hammers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl7_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hand-Tools">Hand Tools</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl8_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Hardware">Hardware</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl9_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Iron">Iron</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl10_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Iron-Iron-Products">Iron & Iron Products</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl11_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Metal-Metal-Products">Metal & Metal Products</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl12_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Parts-Supplies">Parts & Supplies</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl13_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Pliers">Pliers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl14_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Pneumatic-Portable-Screwdrivers">Pneumatic Portable Screwdrivers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl15_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Screwdrivers">Screwdrivers</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl16_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Spanners">Spanners</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl17_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Steel">Steel</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl18_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Steel">Steel</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl19_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Steel-Products-Services">Steel Products & Services</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl20_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Tools">Tools</a><br /><a class="TagNameLink" id="ctlTags__ctl21_lnkTag" href="http://www.hotfrog.com.my/Products/Tools">Tools</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-7991281332159319822008-01-15T18:48:00.000-08:002008-02-11T08:30:51.085-08:00BAHAN-BAHAN KEJURUTERAAN - KAYUPENYIMPANAN KAYU<br /><br /><a href="http://www.chesapeakeangling.com/woodcraft/about.htm">CHESAPEAKE WOODCRAFT</a><br /><a href="http://www.woodworkmfg.com/about-us.htm">WOODWORK</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber">STANDARD SIZE</a><br /><br />Medium-density fibreboard<br />From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2005mdf.PNG"></a>Medium-density fiberboard output in 2005<br /><br />Medium-density fiberboard (MDF or MDFB) is an <a title="Engineered wood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_wood">engineered wood</a> product formed by breaking down <a title="Softwood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwood">softwood</a> into <a title="Wood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood">wood</a> fibers, often in a <a title="Defibrator" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrator">defibrator</a>, combining it with <a title="Wax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax">wax</a> and <a title="Resin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin">resin</a>, and forming panels by applying high <a title="Temperature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature">temperature</a> and <a title="Pressure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure">pressure</a>. It is a building material similar in application to <a title="Plywood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood">plywood</a> but made up of separated fibers, not wood veneers. It is denser than normal <a title="Particle board" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_board">particle board</a>.<br />Large-scale production of MDF began in the <a title="1980s" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s">1980s</a>. Its name derives from the distinction in <a title="Density" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density">densities</a> of <a title="Fiberboard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberboard">fiberboard</a>. MDF typically has a density of 600-800 kg/m³, in contrast to <a title="Particle board" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_board">particle board</a> (160-450 kg/m³) and to <a title="Hardboard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardboard">high-density fiberboard</a> (600-1450 kg/m³). Similar manufacturing processes are used in making all types of fiberboard.<br />MDF is also known as Customwood or Craftwood.[<a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a>].<br />MDF has been controversial in regard to its use of <a title="Formaldehyde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> resins and the associated health risks. Thus, other resins are being considered and used instead of formaldehyde.<br />MDF is often used in school projects because of its flexibility.<br /><a class="image" title="A sample of MDF" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MDF_Sample.jpg"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MDF_Sample.jpg"></a>A sample of MDF<br /><a class="image" title="Hollow extruded MDF decking boards, which appear to have the colouring/preservative in the manufacture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mdf-decking.JPG"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mdf-decking.JPG"></a>Hollow extruded MDF decking boards, which appear to have the colouring/preservative in the manufacture<br />Contents[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard#Manufacturing">1 Manufacturing</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard#Comparison_to_natural_woods">2 Comparison to natural woods</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard#Different_kinds_of_MDF">3 Different kinds of MDF</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard#References">4 References</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard#External_links">5 External links</a><br /><br /><a id="Manufacturing" name="Manufacturing"></a><br />Manufacturing<br />MDF is a wood product created by breaking down a <a title="Softwood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwood">softwood</a> into a powder, which is then mixed with <a title="Wax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax">wax</a> and <a title="Resin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin">resin</a>. The final finish is created by submitting the boards to high pressure and temperatures.<br />In <a title="Australia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a> the main species of tree used for MDF is <a title="Plantation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation">plantation</a>-grown <a title="Radiata pine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiata_pine">radiata pine</a>. However a variety of other products have also been used including other woods, waste paper and fibers.<br />The trees are debarked after being cut. The bark can be sold for use in <a title="Landscaping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscaping">landscaping</a>, or burned in on-site <a title="Furnaces" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnaces">furnaces</a>. The debarked logs are sent to the MDF plant where they go though the <a title="Woodchipper" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchipper">chipping</a> process. A typical disk chipper contains 4-16 blades. Any resulting chips that are too large may be re-chipped; undersized chips may be used as fuel. All chips are then washed and checked for defects.<br />The chips are then compacted using a screwfeeder, and will be heated for 30-120 seconds to soften the wood; they are then fed into a <a title="Defibrator" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrator">defibrator</a> which maintains high pressure and temperature. The <a title="Wood pulp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pulp">pulp</a> that exits from the defibrator is fine, fluffy, and light in weight and in colour.<br />From the defibrator the pulp enters a blow line where it is joined with wax (to improve moisture resistance) and resin (to stop the pulp from forming bundles). The material expands in size and is then heated by heating coils. When it comes out it may be stored in bins for an indefinite length of time.<br />After this drying period the board goes through a "Pendistor" process which creates 230-610 mm thick boards. Then it is cut and continues to the press. Here it is pressed for a few minutes, to make a stronger and denser board.<br />After pressing MDF is cooled in a star dryer, trimmed and sanded. In certain applications boards are also laminated for extra strength.<br />The Environmental Impact of MDF has greatly improved over the years. Today many MDF boards are made from a variety of materials. These include other woods, scrap, recycled paper, bamboo, carbon fibers and polymers, steel, glass, forest thinning and sawmill off-cuts.<br /><a id="Comparison_to_natural_woods" name="Comparison_to_natural_woods"></a><br />Comparison to natural woods<br />Benefits of MDF:<br />Some varieties are less expensive than many natural woods<br />Isotropic (no grain), so no tendency to split<br />Consistent in strength and size<br />Flexible. Can be used for curved walls or surfaces.<br />Shapes well with a router.<br />Drawbacks of MDF:<br />Heavier (the resins are heavy)<br />Swells and breaks when <a title="Waterlogged" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlogged">waterlogged</a><br />Warps or expands if not sealed<br />Contains <a title="Urea-formaldehyde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde">urea-formaldehyde</a> which may cause eye and lung irritation when cutting and sanding<br />Dulls blades more quickly than many woods<br />Though it doesn't have a grain in the plane of the board, it does have one into the board. Screwing into the edge of a board will generally cause it to split in a fashion similar to delaminating.<br /><a id="Different_kinds_of_MDF" name="Different_kinds_of_MDF"></a><br />Different kinds of MDF<br />There are different kinds of MDF, which are sometimes labeled by color:<br />Moisture-resistant is typically green<br />Fire-retardant MDF is typically red<br />High finition for powder lacking<br />Lighter densities of fiberboard are commonly marketed as ultralight or LDF boards.<br /><a id="References" name="References"></a><br />References<br /><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a><br />External links<br /><a class="external text" title="http://www.podcastschool.net/subjects/technology/feeds/GCSE/?p=" href="http://www.podcastschool.net/subjects/technology/feeds/GCSE/?p=13" rel="nofollow">A video podcast from podcastschool.net</a><br /><a class="external text" title="http://www.humewood.com.my/eng/tech_process01.htm" href="http://www.humewood.com.my/eng/tech_process01.htm" rel="nofollow">The Production Process of Humewood MDF</a> (Humewood is a product of <a class="external text" title="http://www.humewood.com.my" href="http://www.humewood.com.my/" rel="nofollow">Hume Fiberboards Sdn Bhd</a>, a <a title="Malaysia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia">Malaysian</a> fiberboard manufacturer)<br /><a class="external text" title="http://www.workershealth.com.au/facts023.html" href="http://www.workershealth.com.au/facts023.html" rel="nofollow">Wood Dust</a> - dangers of exposure to wood dust, including MDF dust (from the <a class="external text" title="http://www.workershealth.com.au" href="http://www.workershealth.com.au/" rel="nofollow">Worker's Health Centre</a>)<br /><a class="external text" title="http://www.investmentnz.govt.nz/section/14282.aspx" href="http://www.investmentnz.govt.nz/section/14282.aspx" rel="nofollow">Medium Density Fiberboard</a> - from Investment New Zealand, a division of New Zealand's economic development agency.<br /><a class="external text" title="http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/mdf.html" href="http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/mdf.html" rel="nofollow">A personal experience of MDF toxicity</a><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard</a>"<br /><a title="Special:Categories" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <a title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements">All articles with unsourced state</a><br /><br /><br />KAYU<br /><br />Botanical Names: Hevea brasiliensisFamily<br />Name: Euphorbiaceae<br />Others Name: Rubbertree ( Malaysia ,Singapore ), para rubber , Arbol de caucho (Venezuela), Sibi-sibi (Guyana), Mapalapa (Surinam), Seringa, Seringueira (Brazil), Capi, Jeve, Shiringa (Peru). Jebe, Arbre De Para ( French), Parakautschukbaum, Cauchotero de Pará ,Siringa , Seringueira-branca, rapa (Fiji)<br />Working Properties:Obtained by tapping the trunks of the trees , good strength characteristic, easy machining and processing properties. Additionally, The wood is reported to saw without difficulty, planes easily to a smooth surface; tends to split in nailing. Therefore it can easily be stained and finished to meet various market requirements.<br />Durability: The wood is perishable and stains readily. Also highly susceptible to borer and termite attack as well as powder-post beetles.<br />Wood Appearance: high color ( This wood is whitish yellow when freshly cut and seasons to cream, straw or light brown, often with a pinkish tinge.)<br />Rubberwood story:The rubber tree was originated came from Brazil named Hevea brasiliensis from the species family of Euphorbiaceae and widely planted for the production of latex in South East Asia country, mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.At the begining stage, rubber trees just for use in produce milky liquid known as latex that circulates through small tubes or veins for every 5- 7 years of growing. And these trees will discontinue for produce latex after 21 - 25 year, so at this moment, due to unproductive, therefore this trees are demand to fell (either replanting or other planning). Initially the felled trees were of low commercial value and mainly used as firewood, hence, due to worldwide technological developments & environment hazard, All these threes became valuable sources especially for furniture industrial. Today, Rubberwood becomes one of the most demanding and popular timbers for furniture maker (for both local & oversea market), therefore, this wood now can have categorised as environment-friendly due to hazard free to the environment and the supply is sustainable. In the sense that we are now using what was going as waste. Today Malaysia become one of the major resource and country who successful for supplying & exporting rubberwood ( for both sawn wood, raw, semi-finished, finished good and furniture accessories ) and for the production of panel products such as particleboards, woodfibre cement-bonded particleboards ,fibreboards (MDF), plywood and other products for both local and oversea market demand.<br />Perabut Seong Aik (or known as PSA ) is one of the manufacturer who leading to produce rubber wood furniture. <a href="http://www.perabutsa.com/products.asp">click here for product view</a><br /><br />Jenis kayu<br /><br />Kayu dalam pasaran<br /><br />papan buatanUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-46789330075117597472008-01-15T18:42:00.000-08:002008-01-15T18:48:14.459-08:00MESINTerdapat beberapa jenis mesin yang digunakan di dalam bengkel. Antaranya:<br />- mesin yang menggunakan kuasa elektrik<br />- mesin yang menggunakan kuasa hidraulik<br />- mesin yang menggunakan kuasa pneumatik<br />- mesin yang menggunakan konsep tuasUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-9422034870777491052008-01-09T21:34:00.000-08:002008-01-26T06:16:24.043-08:00ALAT TANGANAlat tangan merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk melakukan kerja-kerja ketukangan dalam menyiapkan kerja ataupun projek.<br />Terdapat banyak jenis alat tangan dengan pelbagai fungsi. Dalam mata pelajaran ini, alat tangan dikhususkan kepada kerja kayu dan logam. Bagaimanapun untuk tujuan pembelajaran dan pengayaan ilmu, beberapa tambahan diselitkan hasil sumbangan pelajar.<br /><br />Alat tangan<br />Alatan tangan dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian mengikut fungsi dan kegunaannya. Antaranya:<br />- alat menanda<br />- alat memotong<br />- alat membentuk<br />- alat memasang dan<br />- alat menguji.<br />Latihan1 ( tarikh hantar 15/1/08 )<br />Namakan alat, jenis dan fungsi alatan tersebut.<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan: Tolok teleskop<br />Jenis alatan: Alatan mengukur<br />Fungsi: Untuk mengukur garis pusat gerek dan jarak-jarak lain<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a><br />Machine Tool Accessories General<br />End Mill Holders<br />Shell Mill Arbor<br />Morse Taper Adapters<br />Collets Chucks & Collets<br />HSK Tooling<br />Quick change Tooling<br />Tapping Heads & Holders<br />Right Angle Heads<br />Boring Heads<br />Lathe Centers<br />Quick Change Tool Posts & Holder<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan: Pengaras spirit<br />Jenis alatan: Alatan Mengukur<br />Fungsi: Menguji ketegakan dan kerataan aras seperti tembok tiang dan lantai<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Tools for the Dominant Hand<br />Form :-<br />claw hammer<br />pencil<br />chalk line<br />slip-joint plier<br />utility knife<br />Dominant-hand tools are the primary task drivers. A good, general-duty claw hammer should weigh 12 or 16 oz. and be a balance of comfort, control and maximum nail-driving power. A flat carpenter’s pencil won’t break as easily as an ordinary round one and works best for rough carpentry work. A chalk line is a must for snapping long, straight lines. It’s also essential as a plumb bob or string line. A slip-joint plier is a versatile tool for pulling nails and for simple electrical and plumbing work. The utility knife is a must for everything from cutting drywall to roofing work and should have extra blades, both straight and curved, stored in the handle.<br />Nama alatan : Andas<br />Jenis alatan : Alat memegang<br />Fungsi : Digunakan untuk menyokong benda kerja semasa kerja membentuk<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Perengkuh soket<br />Jenis alatan : Peralatan menyambung atau mengikat<br />Fungsi : Digunakan untuk memiuh atau memegang kepala bolt atau nat<br />Alatan bergabung<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Kunci Allen<br />Jenis alatan : Alatan memasang<br />Fungsi : Membuka dan memasang skru berkepala Allen<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Alat bergabung T<br />Jenis alatan : Alat memotong<br />Fungsi :Melakukan pemotongan untuk semua jenis dan saiz bahan yang kecil<br />Terdiri daripada : -tukul spring<br />-pemotong wayar<br />-pemotong wayar keras<br />-pisau<br />-gunting<br />-pemutar skru philiphs<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Alat bergabung tangan<br />Jenis alatan : Alat memotong<br />Fungsi : Memotong benda kerja seperti wayar<br />Terdiri daripada : -tukul spring<br />-pemotong wayar keras<br />-pemotong wayar<br />-pisau<br />-gunting<br />-pemutar skru philips<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Pisau pelbagai guna<br />Jenis alatan : Alatan memotong<br />Fungsi alatan : Membuka nat,memutar skru dan membuka tin<br />Penyimpanan alat<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Tool racks<br />Fungsi : Menyimpan dan mengelaskan alatan tangan<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : WM369 super wrist magnet<br />Fungsi : Menyimpan alatan di tangan untuk memudahkan kerja<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Pegboard<br />Fungsi : Tempat menyimpan alat yang diletakkan di atas papan tergantung<br /><a rel="nofollow"></a>Nama alatan : Meja kerja dan rak<br />Fungsi : Mengatur kedudukan dan mengelaskan bahan kerja serta alatan<br /><em><span style="color:#33ccff;">(sumbangan Md Zuhairi Bin Md Saiaan Harry)</span></em>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8354424809742863554.post-78730527523526022462008-01-08T19:11:00.000-08:002008-12-11T09:17:45.766-08:00SUKATAN MATA PELAJARANREKA BENTUK DAN TEKNOLOGI I<br /><br />Pensyarah : MOHD ALI BIN JEMALI<br />Sukatan mata pelajaran : Asas Binaan Awam<br />( 1 kredit – 15 jam teori )<br /><span style="color:#3366ff;">klik2x untuk lihat lebih jelas.<br /></span><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8RyoqR8vB5ZmOCGH5dc1z34l4AthAtJZpTwxFDHqCqvFF7e7uQZBKg5CIUGKqa9cVJnnoqBggMHsUbW2ztP1e7tKTuhxtMtgZ6MUS8vxEBSmsZHiu8W2slCrpSFlJt6Lfe026ggdJWw7/s1600-h/SUKATAN+ABA4.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5153713371583760834" style="WIDTH: 427px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 571px" height="450" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8RyoqR8vB5ZmOCGH5dc1z34l4AthAtJZpTwxFDHqCqvFF7e7uQZBKg5CIUGKqa9cVJnnoqBggMHsUbW2ztP1e7tKTuhxtMtgZ6MUS8vxEBSmsZHiu8W2slCrpSFlJt6Lfe026ggdJWw7/s400/SUKATAN+ABA4.jpg" width="350" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0