Tuesday, February 26, 2008

BAHAN KEJURUTERAAN LOGAM - LOGAM

Logam

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Dalam bidang kimia, logam adalah sejenis unsur yang bersedia untuk membentuk ion (kation) dan mempunyai ikatan logam. Logam-logam biasanya diterangkan sebagai sebuah kekisi ion-ion positif (kation) yang dikelilingi awan-awan elektron tak setempat. Logam adalah satu daripada tiga kumpulan unsur yang dikenalpasti melalui sifat-sifat pengionan dan ikatan, yang lainnya adalah metaloid dan bukan logam. Di dalam jadual berkala, satu garis pepenjuru yang dilukir daripada boron (B) kepada polonium (Po) membezakan logam dan bukan logam. Unsur-unsur pada garis ini adalah metaloid, kadang kala dipanggil ala logam; unsur-unsur ke sebelah bawah kiri merupakan logam-logam, manakala sebelah atas kanan adalah bukan logam.

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BARANG LOGAM

Bolts & Nuts

Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They consist of cap screws or studs that capture and join other parts, and are secured with the mating of screw threads.
There are two main types of bolted joint designs. In one method the bolt is tightened to a calculated torque, producing a clamp load. The joint will be designed such that the clamp load is never overcome by the forces acting on the joint (and therefore the joined parts see no relative motion).
The other type of bolted joint does not have a designed clamp load but relies on the shear strength of the bolt shaft. This may include clevis linkages, joints that can move, and joints that rely on locking mechanism (like lock washers, thread adhesives, and lock nuts).

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Brass

Properties
The malleability and acoustic properties of brass have made it the metal of choice for brass musical instruments such as the trombone, tuba, trumpet, euphonium, and the French horn. Even though the saxophone is classified as a woodwind instrument and the harmonica is a free reed aerophone, both are also often made from brass. In organ pipes designed as "reed" pipes, brass strips are used as the "reeds".
Brass has higher malleability than copper or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940°C, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses.

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